Feeding the Sheep Torah

Monday, March 2, 2009

The Structure of Exodus

Genesis began with a prologue and then consisted of ten books. The larger structure was one of prologue, narrative, poetry, epilogue. Exodus is not nearly as elaborate in structure. The organizational strategy is best understood thematically: salvation, law, and worship. The section on the salvation of the Israelites from the land of Egypt, the house of slavery is Exodus 1:1-15:21. The section on the law begins with 15:22 and continues through the end of chapter 24. The rest of the book is the section on tabernacle worship.

Exodus begins with a conjunction. The purpose of a conjunction (usually translated "and" in English even when a more specific relationship between the clauses is obvious) is to connect what follows with what came before. Exodus is continuing the story of Book Ten of Genesis. It is not continuing the poetry or the epilogue as much as it is continuing the narrative of Book Ten. Thus the first six Hebrew words of the book are a direct quote from the narrative. More specifically they quote the second telling of the move of Jacob and his family to Egypt in Genesis 46:1-27. The second telling begins with 46:8. "And these are the names of the sons of Israel, the ones who came toward Egypt" (my rough translation). Exodus begins with these identical words and summarizes the rest. Exodus, for example, lists the sons rather than giving the exhaustive list of the sons and their descendants. Both mention that the descendants numbered seventy (seven times ten) and that Joseph was already in Egypt. This is a clear case of recapitulation. Here it serves to tie the entire book of Exodus as a continuation of the narrative of Book Ten of Genesis.

Even though Exodus reports that Joseph and all his brothers and their generation had died, it does not give us another heading like each of the books in Genesis, "These are the generations of..." Instead, the new thing God would do begins with the New Testament Torah: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" (Matt 1:1). This is the title of the Book of Matthew, not just the genealogy that follows. "The book of the genealogy of" is just another way of translating the Genesis book titles. The gospels are the same kind of genre as the Old Testament Torah books and there are many connections between Exodus and Matthew. Future posts will mention some of them. This difference between the two is very instructive as well. Exodus is highlighting continuity between the story of Genesis and the present circumstances.

Furthermore, the prologue of Genesis (Genesis 1:1-2:3)is the prologue of the entire Torah. So it should not surprise us, especially given how Exodus is a continuation of the Genesis narrative, that there are multiple connections between Exodus and Genesis 1. The first such connection is in Exodus 1:7, which Peter Enns translates, "The Israelites became fruitful and swarmed; they increased in number and became exceedingly strong" (NIVAC on Exodus, 41). The word choice of swarmed is instructive because it can be found in Gen 1:21 and 8:17 for animals to fulfill their creation mandates. The creation mandate for humanity in the image of God (1:28) is being fulfilled by the Israelites. Creation and salvation (new creation) are interrelated in Exodus. Future posts will mention many of these connections to Genesis 1.

Looking backwards to creation points us forwards to the new creation Jesus inaugurates with His resurrection. Looking forward to the Gospel of Matthew, points us forward to the way Jesus brings about a greater salvation than the exodus. It is instructive then that the transfiguration is a discussion with Moses (representing the Torah) and Elijah (representing the prophets). Moses was there at the first exodus. The prophets pointed us forward to a second exodus. And the content of their discussion with Jesus is "his exodus, which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem" (Luke 9:31). Thus we will be looking at how the Book of Exodus points to the climax of salvation through Jesus Christ. Once you see how to do this with Exodus you should go back and do this with Genesis too.

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Saturday, November 17, 2007

On Being Reformed

What Does it Mean to Be Reformed?

A Historical Explanation
Ecclesia reformata, semper reformanda
The Church Reformed, Always Reforming
According to the Holy Spirit through Scripture
Not simply intellectual renewal but to be reformed includes being revived.

Presbyterian describes our Church Government.
Reformed describes our Beliefs & Lifestyle.

(Citations are from the Book of Confessions of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.))
Click here to listen to the first part of this teaching.

So What Do We Believe?


We are Catholic. The Reformers were accused of being innovators. In reality, they were trying to roll back innovations that were not according to Scripture. In order to show their continuity with the ancient church, the Heidelberg Catechism includes the Apostle's Creed (4.022-4.059) as a summary of what a Christian must believe and itself is largely an explanation of that creed; the Second Helvetic Confession says that we receive it "because it delivers to us the true faith" (5.018); and the Westminster Standards include the text (7.110). As we are part of the universal church of Jesus Christ, we are catholic but not Roman Catholic.

We are Protestant. We live by the Protestant watchwords grace alone, faith alone, Scripture alone. We agree with Martin Luther's protest against the abuses and innovations of the Roman Catholic Church and give thanks to God for his rediscovery of Scripture's teaching of justification by faith alone. But we are not Lutherans. (Even though John Calvin would have called himself a Lutheran.)


We are Reformed & always reforming according to Scripture. This reality governs everything. For example, our worship only includes elements prescribed in Scripture (6.112). Roman Catholics included elements in worship prohibited by Scripture. Lutherans prohibit only what Scripture forbids. The Reformed ban any element Scripture does not set down, but allow freedom in circumstances (3.14; 6.006). Idolatry is a major concern for the Reformed (especially wanting to rid the church of images of God and Christ). For the Reformed,
"The whole counsel of God, concerning all things necessary for his own glory, man's salvation, faith, and life, is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced from Scripture: unto which nothing at any time is to be added, whether by [supposedly] new revelations of the Spirit, or traditions of men" (6.006).

Reformed Doctrine:

"We confess and acknowledge one God alone, to whom alone we must cleave, whom alone we must serve, whom only we must worship, and in whom alone we put our trust. Who is eternal, infinite, immeasurable, incomprehensible, omnipotent [all-powerful], invisible; one in substance and yet distinct in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. By whom we confess and believe all things in heaven and earth, visible and invisible, to have been created, to be retained in their being, and to be ruled and guided by his inscrutable providence for such end as his eternal wisdom, goodness, and justice have appointed, and to the manifestation of his own glory" (3.01, Scots Confession).

The true and living God is the God of the Scriptures. God is one in Scripture (i.e. Deut 6:4) and three persons in Scripture (i.e. Matt 28:19). Thus the doctrine of the Trinity is deduced by good and necessary consequence from Scripture. All Christians believe in the one Triune God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. So we could have discussed this under being catholic. There are not three beings who together make up God. Also, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not three different ways that God expresses Himself. The Reformed note that God reveals Himself and His will today in Scripture. His works of creation and providence are sufficient to leave men inexcusable but are not sufficient to give knowledge of God and His will necessary for salvation (6.001). For example, there is no other way that we could know God is Triune.

Sovereignty of the One Triune God:
Reformed doctrine is a teaching of the sovereignty (lordship, power, rule) of this God.

Creation:
He is the omnipotent creator.

Providence:
He is the omnipotent ruler of His creation for His own glory and for the good of those who love him. God is in control. He often works out His purpose through people:
"You intended to harm me, but God intended it for good to accomplish what is now being done, the saving of many lives" (Gen 50:20).
God's purposes were good - He is not the author of sin. God is sovereign over all things that come to pass.

Predestination (Election unto Everlasting Life in Christ):
The Sovereignty of God is the reason for the doctrine of predestination, by far the most controversial Reformed teaching.
"By the decree of God, for the manifestation of his glory, some men and angels are predestined unto everlasting life, and others fore-ordained to everlasting death" (6.016).
Some have taken this teaching to conclusions that are not good and necessary consequences of Scripture. The Second Helvetic Confession notes on the topic of predestination unto everlasting life:
"Therefore we do not approve of the impious speeches of some who say, "Few are chosen, and since I do not know whether I am among the number of the few, I will enjoy myself." Others say, "If I am predestinated and elected by God, nothing can hinder me from salvation, which is already certainly appointed for me, no matter what I do. But if I am in the number of the reprobate, no faith or repentance will help me, since the decree of God cannot be changed. Therefore all doctrines and admonitions are useless." Now the saying of the apostle contradicts these men: "The Lord's servant must be ready to teach, instructing those who oppose him, so that if God should grant that they repent to know the truth, they may recover from the snare of the devil, after being held captive by him to do his will" (II Tim. 2:23 ff.)" (5.057).
In other words, those who repent and reform their ways are the same as those who are elect unto eternal life in Christ Jesus.


Click here to listen to the rest of this teaching.
Redemption Accomplished & Applied:
The TULIP summary explains how the sovereignty of God relates to the accomplishment and application of redemption.
Total Depravity - Fallen man is spiritually dead:
"by nature we and all men are not only utterly unable and unwilling to know and do the will of God, but prone to rebel against his Word, to repine and murmur against his providence, and wholly inclined to do the will of the flesh, and of the devil" (7.302).

Unconditional Election -
"From eternity God has freely, and of his mere grace, without any respect to men, predestinated or elected the saints whom he wills to save in Christ" (5.052);
"God, having out of his mere good pleasure, from all eternity, elected some to everlasting life," (7.020).

Limited Atonement - Christ died only for the elect and not for every man in the same way:
"The Lord Jesus, by his perfect obedience and sacrifice of himself, which he through the eternal Spirit once offered up unto God, hath fully satisfied the justice of his Father; and purchased not only reconciliation, but an everlasting inheritance in the kingdom of heaven, for all those whom the Father hath given unto him" (6.047).
Really the alternative (atonement for all) is atonement for none, just the possibility of salvation. Therefore, the alternative view is really the limited view.
Irresistible Grace -
"All those whom God hath predestinated unto life, and those only, he is pleased, in his appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by his Word and Spirit, out of that state of sin and death in which they are by nature, to grace and salvation by Jesus Christ: enlightening their minds, spiritually and savingly, to understand the things of God, taking away their heart of stone, and giving unto them an heart of flesh; renewing their wills, and by his almighty power determining them to that which is good; and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ; yet so as they come most freely, being made willing by his grace" (6.064).
Acts 13:48 "and all who were appointed for eternal life believed"


Perseverance of the Saints -

"They whom God hath accepted in his Beloved, effectually called and sanctified by his Spirit, can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace: but shall certainly persevere therein to the end, and be eternally saved" (6.094).



Union with Christ:
Union with Christ by Faith is more fundamental than justification or sanctification. We cannot be justified without also definitive sanctification. We cannot be adopted without also being justified and sanctified. All these come under union with Christ and are inseparable.
"Faith, thus receiving and resting on Christ and his righteousness, is the alone instrument of justification, yet it is not alone in the person justified, but is ever accompanied with all other saving graces, and is no dead faith, but worketh by love" (6.069).

Justification by Faith in Christ Alone: Faith is a Gift of God (5.109 and 6.068).
"Justification is an act of God's free grace, wherein he pardoneth all our sins, and accepteth us as righteous in his sight, only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone" (7.033).

Adoption in Christ:
"Adoption is an act of the free grace of God, in and for his only Son Jesus Christ, whereby all those that are justified are received into the number of his children, have his name put on them, the Spirit of his Son given to them, and under his Fatherly care and dispensations, admitted to all the liberties and privileges of the sons of God, made heirs of all the promises, and fellow heirs with Christ in glory" (7.184).

Sanctification in Christ:
"Sanctification is the work of God's free grace, whereby we are renewed in the whole man after the image of God, and are enabled more and more to die unto sin and live unto righteousness" (7.035).
Reformed (definitive sanctification) and always reforming (progressive sanctification)

So What Do We Do?

Reformation & Revival (Reformed Lifestyle):
"What is your only comfort, in life and in death? That I belong-body and soul, in life and in death-not to myself but to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ, who at the cost of his own blood has fully paid for all my sins and has completely freed me from the dominion of the devil; that he protects me so well that without the will of my Father in heaven not a hair can fall from my head; indeed, that everything must fit his purpose for my salvation. Therefore, by his Holy Spirit, he also assures me of eternal life, and makes me wholeheartedly willing and ready from now on to live for him" (4.001).
Such Reformed teaching should lead to revival.


Being "Reformed" means being revived and continually renewed in the image of God. Why do good works?
"Because just as Christ has redeemed us with his blood he also renews us through his Holy Spirit according to his own image, so that with our whole life we may show ourselves grateful to God for his goodness and that he may be glorified through us; and further, so that we ourselves may be assured of our faith by its fruits and by our reverent behavior may win our neighbors to Christ" (4.086).
Thus one of the most important contributions of the Book of Confessions is commentary on the Ten Commandments. Our way of life is different when we are reformed and always reforming according to Scripture.

The Heidelberg Catechism includes the commandments and commentary upon them in this section on how the Christian should live in thanksgiving for salvation (4.092-4.115). As it says,
"But can those who are converted to God keep these commandments perfectly? No, for even the holiest of them make only a small beginning in obedience in this life. Nevertheless, they begin with serious purpose to conform not only to some, but to all the commandments of God" (4.114).
This is Reformed (converted) and always reforming (begin conforming) according to Scripture (the commandments of God). The second reason it gives for the strictness of the Ten Commandments is
"that we may constantly and diligently pray to God for the grace of the Holy Spirit, so that more and more we may be renewed in the image of God, until we attain the goal of full perfection after this life" (4.115).

This explanation of what it means to be Reformed focused in on soteriology. One can have a Reformed soteriology and not buy into the whole Reformed system of theology. But to be REFORMED means that you submit to the system. We are not fundamentalists as fundamentalists make lists of things that are essential (fundamentals). We seek to conform to a system of theology. We may disagree about things not integral to the system, but should agree on those things that make the system stand or fall because they reflect the clear teaching and instruction of Scripture.

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